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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">steps</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Шаги/Steps</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Shagi / Steps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-9410</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">steps-993</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Как сознание избавляется от противоречий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>How consciousness gets rid of contradictions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аллахвердов</surname><given-names>В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Allakhverdov</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">vimiall@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Науменко</surname><given-names>О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Naumenko</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noreply@journal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппова</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippova</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noreply@journal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербакова</surname><given-names>О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakova</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noreply@journal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аванесян</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avanesyan</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noreply@journal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воскресенская</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voskresenskaya</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noreply@journal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стародубцев</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starodubtsev</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noreply@journal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>165</fpage><lpage>181</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Аллахвердов В., Науменко О., Филиппова М., Щербакова О., Аванесян М., Воскресенская E., Стародубцев А., 1970</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1970</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Аллахвердов В., Науменко О., Филиппова М., Щербакова О., Аванесян М., Воскресенская E., Стародубцев А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Allakhverdov V., Naumenko O., Filippova M., Shcherbakova O., Avanesyan M., Voskresenskaya E., Starodubtsev A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/993">https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/993</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье утверждается, что сознание не терпит противоречий и пытается выстроить из всех осознаваемых представлений непротиворечивую картину. Если человеку не удается справиться с противоречием, то он испытывает эмоциональные переживания или временное «отключение» сознательного контроля. Приводятся результаты классических и современных экспериментальных исследований, в том числе проведенных в русле Петербургской школы когнитивной психологии, которые иллюстрируют следующие основные способы устранения противоречий: 1. Осознание только одной из возможных интерпретаций и одновременное отвержение всех остальных, несовместимых с ней; 2. Появление несовместимых значений в сознании по очереди, но не обоих вместе; 3. Неосознанное искажение информации, при котором противоречие ослабляется или вообще исчезает; 4. Конструирование единого контекста, позволяющего создать из несовместимых значений непротиворечивое целое; 5. Обесценивание и/или доведение до полного абсурда самого противоречия, либо одной из его сторон.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article maintains that the mechanism of consciousness endures no contradictions and tries its best to construct a consistent picture from conscious representations. If one cannot manage with contradiction he/she experiences strong feelings or even temporarily loses his/her conscious control. Classical and present-day experimental results are considered, including research by the St. Petersburg cognitive psychology group, which provide examples of the following main ways of eliminating contradictions: 1. Being aware of only one of possible interpretations and at the same time rejecting all the other ones, which are inconsistent with the former one. 2. Being alternately conscious of inconsistent meanings — no one can be simultaneously conscious of inconsistent meanings. 3. Unconscious distortion of information, so that the contradiction is reduced or totally disappears. 4. Constructing a unifed context that transforms the contradiction into the consistent whole. 5. Depreciating either the contradiction itself or one of its parts and/or reducing it to an absurdity.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сознание</kwd><kwd>противоречия</kwd><kwd>когнитивный диссонанс</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd><kwd>значение</kwd><kwd>контекст</kwd><kwd>интерпретация</kwd><kwd>позитивный выбор</kwd><kwd>негативный выбор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>сonsciousness</kwd><kwd>contradictions</kwd><kwd>COGNITIVE dissonance</kwd><kwd>classifcation</kwd><kwd>meaning</kwd><kwd>context</kwd><kwd>positive choice</kwd><kwd>negative choice</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
