The paper presents a review of the annual MiklouhoMaclay Conference organized by theDepartment of Anthropology of Australia, Oceania and Indonesia, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences (St Petersburg), on April 18–19, 2016. Various issues involving the culture, history and languages of South and Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania as well as the intellectual heritage of N.N.Miklouho-Maclay in connection with his 170th anniversary were discussed during the conference.