stepsШаги/StepsShagi / Steps2412-94102782-1765The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration10.22394/2412-9410-2023-9-3-108-128steps-84Research ArticleСтатьиПорочные священники в текстах поздней античности и раннего Нового времени: единство топики и различие контекстовVicious priests in the texts of Late Antiquity and Early Modernity: The unity of topics and the difference of contextshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-325XВоронцовС. А.VorontsovS. A.

Сергей Александрович Воронцов - кандидат философских наук старший научный сотрудник, Лаборатория исследований церковных институций, богословский факультет

127051, Москва, Лихов пер., д. 6, стр. 1

Тел.: +7 (495) 114-50-69

Sergey A. Vorontsov - Cand. Sci. (Philosophy) Research Fellow, Ecclesiactic Institutiotns Research Laboratory, Faculty of Theology

127051, Moscow, Likhov Lane, 6, ld. 1

Tel.: +7 (495) 114-50-69

vorontsoff.s@gmail.comПравославный Свято-Тихоновский гуманитарный университетРоссияSt. Tikhon’s Orthodox UniversityRussian Federation20233101202593108128Copyright © Воронцов С.А., 20252025Воронцов С.А.Vorontsov S.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/84

В статье рассматривается один из ключевых элементов антиклерикальной риторики раннего Нового времени — фигура порочного священника. Основной тезис статьи заключается в том, что описание этой фигуры имеет характер топоса, который формируется еще в поздней античности как вариант топоса тирана. В текстах Нового времени он актуализируется в том числе благодаря прямому цитированию источников эпохи патристики и опоре на них. Сущностными чертами фигуры порочного священника оказываются властолюбие и алчность, которые обращаются в тираническую власть благодаря проповедуемому суеверию и обрядам, что разрушительно сказывается на религии и нравственности подпавших под эту власть мирян. В позднеантичных текстах этот топос выполняет функции антимодели, ему противопоставлен идеал святого епископа, а реализация идеала или его противоположности зависит от носителя священства. В антиклерикальных выпадах раннего Нового времени вокруг этого топоса формируется образ клира в целом, направленный на критику священства как такового. При этом объяснения такой всеобщей порочности священников появляются в текстах позже, чем сам «портрет», и в отличие от него оказываются вариативными.

The article considers the problem of early modern anticlericalism through the lens of topos studies. It is argued that the anticlerical description of the priest possesses the same traits in various philosophical and historical texts of the 17–18th centuries written by authors who did not share the same views even on the clergy. These traits, ambition and avarice, lead to the tyranny of the religious leaders, which is established by means of superstition and ritual (not by direct violence). Tyranny leads to the corruption of the laity, both morally and religiously. This description derives from Christian Antiquity when the predominantly rhetorical topos of the tyrant is projected onto the figure of the bishop. In patristic texts, this topos served as the cultural antimodel, as opposed to the image of the saintly bishop. The realization of this or that model depended on the qualities (vices or virtues) of the person carrying out the bishop’s duties. In the early modern texts, this topos is at the core of the image of the clergy as a whole, which is used to criticize the state of priests in general. The explanatory framework of this corrupted character of the clergy (which may vary) appears later than the stable image of vicious priests.

антиклерикализмпороктираниячестолюбиеалчностьлицемериеклирантимодельпоповствоanticlericalismvicetyrannyambitionavaricehypocrisyclergyantimodelpriestcraftИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 19-78-10143, https://rscf.ru/project/19-78-10143. Организация выполнения проекта — Православный Свято-Тихоновский гуманитарный университет.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant № 19-78-10143, https://rscf.ru/en/project/19-78-10143. The project was organized by St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University.ReferencesAnscombe, G. E. (1958). Modern moral philosophy. Philosophy, 33(no. 124), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100037943.Anscombe, G. E. (1958). Modern moral philosophy. Philosophy, 33(no. 124), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100037943.Antonov, N. K. (2021). K voprosu ob avtorskoi strategii svt. Grigoriia Bogoslova v ego “Apologii” (Slovo 3 / Or. 2) [On the question of the author’s strategy of St. Gregory the Theologian in the “Apology for His Flight” (Or. 2)]. Vestnik Ekaterinburgskoi dukhovnoi seminarii, 35, 31–51. https://doi.org/10.24412/2224-5391-2021-35-31-51. (In Russian).Antonov, N. K. (2021). K voprosu ob avtorskoi strategii svt. Grigoriia Bogoslova v ego “Apologii” (Slovo 3 / Or. 2) [On the question of the author’s strategy of St. Gregory the Theologian in the “Apology for His Flight” (Or. 2)]. Vestnik Ekaterinburgskoi dukhovnoi seminarii, 35, 31–51. https://doi.org/10.24412/2224-5391-2021-35-31-51. (In Russian).Barnett, S. J. (1999). Idol temples and crafty priests: The origins of Enlightenment anticlericalism. Palgrave Macmillan.Barnett, S. J. (1999). Idol temples and crafty priests: The origins of Enlightenment anticlericalism. Palgrave Macmillan.Barnett, S. J. (2003). The Enlightenment and religion. Manchester Univ. Press.Barnett, S. J. (2003). The Enlightenment and religion. Manchester Univ. Press.Birkin, M. Yu. (2020). Durnoi episkop kak tiran v “Sententsiiakh” Isidora Sevil’skogo [Evil bishop as tyrant in Isidore of Seville’s Sententiae]. Shagi / Steps, 6(2), 259–291. https://doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2020-6-2-259-291. (In Russian).Birkin, M. Yu. (2020). Durnoi episkop kak tiran v “Sententsiiakh” Isidora Sevil’skogo [Evil bishop as tyrant in Isidore of Seville’s Sententiae]. Shagi / Steps, 6(2), 259–291. https://doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2020-6-2-259-291. (In Russian).Birkin, M. Yu. (2022). Tiranicheskaia vlast’ episkopa i sotsial’noe prostranstvo: kazus Meridy kontsa VI v. [Tyrannical power of the bishop and social space: The case of Mérida in the late 6th century]. Shagi / Steps, 8(3), 137–167. https://doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2022-8-3-137-167. (In Russian).Birkin, M. Yu. (2022). Tiranicheskaia vlast’ episkopa i sotsial’noe prostranstvo: kazus Meridy kontsa VI v. [Tyrannical power of the bishop and social space: The case of Mérida in the late 6th century]. Shagi / Steps, 8(3), 137–167. https://doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2022-8-3-137-167. (In Russian).Curtius, E. (1948). Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter. A. Francke Verlag. (In German).Curtius, E. (1948). Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter. A. Francke Verlag. (In German).Daniel, S. H. (1984). John Toland: His methods, manners, and mind. McGill-Queen’s Univ. Press. Daston, L. (1998). The Nature of nature in early modern Europe. Configurations, 6, 149–151. https://doi.org/10.1353/con.1998.0014.Daniel, S. H. (1984). John Toland: His methods, manners, and mind. McGill-Queen’s Univ. Press. Daston, L. (1998). The Nature of nature in early modern Europe. Configurations, 6, 149–151. https://doi.org/10.1353/con.1998.0014.Di Lauro, F. (2007). ‘The Gracious and Favouring Interposition of God’: Eusebius and Divine Providence”. In V. Barker, & F. Di Lauro (Eds.). On a panegyrical note: Studies in honour of Garry W. Trompf (pp. 205–223). Univ. of Sydney.Di Lauro, F. (2007). ‘The Gracious and Favouring Interposition of God’: Eusebius and Divine Providence”. In V. Barker, & F. Di Lauro (Eds.). On a panegyrical note: Studies in honour of Garry W. Trompf (pp. 205–223). Univ. of Sydney.Dockter, H. (2013). Klerikerkritik im antiken Christentum. Bonn Univ. Press. (In German).Dockter, H. (2013). Klerikerkritik im antiken Christentum. Bonn Univ. Press. (In German).Dunkle, J. R. (1971). The rhetorical tyrant in Roman historiography: Sallust, Livy and Tacitus. The Classical World, 65(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/4347532.Dunkle, J. R. (1971). The rhetorical tyrant in Roman historiography: Sallust, Livy and Tacitus. The Classical World, 65(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/4347532.Elm, S. (2015). Apology as autobiography — An episcopal genre? Emperor Julian, Gregory of Nazianzus, Augustine of Hippo. In J. Stenger (Ed.). Spätantike Konzeptionen von Literatur (Vol. 2, 33–49). Winter.Elm, S. (2015). Apology as autobiography — An episcopal genre? Emperor Julian, Gregory of Nazianzus, Augustine of Hippo. In J. Stenger (Ed.). Spätantike Konzeptionen von Literatur (Vol. 2, 33–49). Winter.Gaddis, M. (2005). There is no crime for those who have Christ: Religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire. Univ. of California Press.Gaddis, M. (2005). There is no crime for those who have Christ: Religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire. Univ. of California Press.Hadot, P. (1987). Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique. Etudes augustiniennes. (In French).Hadot, P. (1987). Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique. Etudes augustiniennes. (In French).Henny, S. (2018). Caught in the crossfire of early modern controversy: Strabo on Moses and his corrupt successors. Intellectual History Review, 28, 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2018.1402440.Henny, S. (2018). Caught in the crossfire of early modern controversy: Strabo on Moses and his corrupt successors. Intellectual History Review, 28, 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2018.1402440.Iliffe, R. (1999). Those “whose business it is to Cavill”: Newton’s anti-Catholicism. In J. E. Force, & R. H. Popkin (Eds.). Newton and religion: Context, nature, and influence (pp. 97–119). Springer.Iliffe, R. (1999). Those “whose business it is to Cavill”: Newton’s anti-Catholicism. In J. E. Force, & R. H. Popkin (Eds.). Newton and religion: Context, nature, and influence (pp. 97–119). Springer.Kors, A. C. (1990). Atheism in France, 1650–1729. Vol. 1: The Orthodox sources of disbelief. Princeton Univ. Press.Kors, A. C. (1990). Atheism in France, 1650–1729. Vol. 1: The Orthodox sources of disbelief. Princeton Univ. Press.Lancaster, J. A. T., & McKenzie-McHarg, A. (2018). Priestcraft: Anatomizing the anti-clericalism of early modern Europe. Intellectual History Review, 28(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2018.1402436Lancaster, J. A. T., & McKenzie-McHarg, A. (2018). Priestcraft: Anatomizing the anti-clericalism of early modern Europe. Intellectual History Review, 28(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2018.1402436Makhov, A. E. (2008). Topos. In N. D. Tamarchenko (Ed.). Poetika: Slovar’ aktual’nykh terminov i poniatii (pp. 264–266). Izdatel’stvo Kulaginoi; Intrada. (In Russian).Makhov, A. E. (2008). Topos. In N. D. Tamarchenko (Ed.). Poetika: Slovar’ aktual’nykh terminov i poniatii (pp. 264–266). Izdatel’stvo Kulaginoi; Intrada. (In Russian).Miuller, V. K. (1971). Anglo-russkii slovar’ [English-Russian dictionary]. Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia. (In Russian).Miuller, V. K. (1971). Anglo-russkii slovar’ [English-Russian dictionary]. Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia. (In Russian).Parsons, W. (1942). The Medieval theory of the tyrant. The Revue of Politics, 4(2), 129–143.Parsons, W. (1942). The Medieval theory of the tyrant. The Revue of Politics, 4(2), 129–143.Pocock, J. G. A. (2010). Barbarism and religion. Vol. 5: Religion: The first triumph. Cambridge Univ. Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778438.Pocock, J. G. A. (2010). Barbarism and religion. Vol. 5: Religion: The first triumph. Cambridge Univ. Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778438.Rapp, C. (2005). Holy bishops in Late Antiquity: The nature of Christian leadership in an age of transition. Univ. of California Press.Rapp, C. (2005). Holy bishops in Late Antiquity: The nature of Christian leadership in an age of transition. Univ. of California Press.Reboul, O. (1970). Kant et la religion. Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 50(2), 137–154. (In French). https://doi.org/10.3406/rhpr.1970.4010.Reboul, O. (1970). Kant et la religion. Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 50(2), 137–154. (In French). https://doi.org/10.3406/rhpr.1970.4010.Rotenstreich, N. (1980). Hypostasis and fetishmaking: Kant’s concepts and their transformations. Kant-Studien, 71(1–4), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/kant.1980.71.1-4.60.Rotenstreich, N. (1980). Hypostasis and fetishmaking: Kant’s concepts and their transformations. Kant-Studien, 71(1–4), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/kant.1980.71.1-4.60.Schneewind, J. B. (1990). The misfortunes of virtue. Ethics, 101(1), 42–63. https://doi.org/10.1086/293259.Schneewind, J. B. (1990). The misfortunes of virtue. Ethics, 101(1), 42–63. https://doi.org/10.1086/293259.Straw, C. (1988). Gregory the Great: Perfection in imperfection. Univ. of California Press.Straw, C. (1988). Gregory the Great: Perfection in imperfection. Univ. of California Press.Tabacco, R. (1985). Il tiranno nelle declamazioni di scuola in lingua latina: memoria. Accademia delle scienze. (In Italian).Tabacco, R. (1985). Il tiranno nelle declamazioni di scuola in lingua latina: memoria. Accademia delle scienze. (In Italian).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.