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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">steps</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Шаги/Steps</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Shagi / Steps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-9410</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2412-9410-2024-10-2-54-71</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">steps-71</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДРЕВНИЙ ВОСТОК</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANCIENT EAST</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О значении гетерограммы LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK в хеттской клинописи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the meaning of the logogram LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK in Hittite cuneiform</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-0628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александров</surname><given-names>Б. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexandrov</surname><given-names>B. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борис Евгеньевич Александров, кандидат исторических наук, доцент</p><p>исторический факультет; кафедра истории древнего мира</p><p>119192; Ломоносовский пр-т, д. 27, корп. 4; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boris E. Alexandrov, Cand. Sci. (History), Assistant Professor</p><p>Faculty of History; Department of Ancient History</p><p>119192; Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27/4; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">boris_alexandrov@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Александров Б.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Александров Б.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alexandrov B.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/71">https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/71</self-uri><abstract><p>   Статья посвящена употреблению гетерограммы LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK в хеттских текстах. Эта гетерограмма является заимствованием из месопотамской клинописи, в которой она передавала аккадское слово muškēnum (букв. «склоняющийся ниц»). В 1950 г. Э. Ларош показал, что хеттским эквивалентом гетерограммы была лексема ašiwant- ‘бедный’. Однако впоследствии в специальной литературе неоднократно отмечалось, что это значение не подходит для ряда контекстов. Некоторые исследователи считали, что LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK является социальным термином и указывает на определенную группу населения, зависимого от государства. Были предложены такие трактовки LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK, как «полусвободные», «зависимые», «крепостные», «слуги». Однако представляется, что эти переводы также недостаточно обоснованы источниками. В статье рассматриваются два текста из древней Тапикки с упоминанием LÚ.MEŠMAŠ.EN.KAK/MUŠKĒNŪ, которые еще не были известны в 1960-е годы на момент публикации основного исследования, посвященного гетерограмме. Возможный выход предлагается искать в обращении к данным месопотамской традиции старовавилонского времени, на основе которых для LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK можно предложить перевод «простой, частный человек; простолюдин».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The article is devoted to the use of the logogram LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK in Hittite texts. This logogram was borrowed from Mesopotamian cuneiform, in which it rendered the Akkadian word muškēnum (lit. ‘the one who bows down, performs proskynesis’). In 1950 E. Laroche showed that the logogram should be read as ašiwant- ‘poor’ in Hittite. However, subsequently several scholars have pointed out that this meaning did not fit well into many contexts. Therefore it was suggested that LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK was rather a social term referring to a certain group of Hittite population dependent of the state (‘palace’) (V. Souček, I. M. Diakonoff). Such renderings of the logogram as ‘semi-free, dependent, serfs, servants’ which are widely used in the literature conform with this interpretation. But there seem to be insufficient evidence in the sources to substantiate these translations. The article analyses two texts from ancient Tapikka (HKM 8, 105) which were not yet known in the 1960s when the main study on the Hittite LÚ(.MEŠ)MAŠ.EN.KAK appeared. It is suggested that the solution should be sought in the Mesopotamian tradition of the Old Babylonian time in which the Akkadian equivalent of the logogram, the noun muškēnum, denoted commoners, ordinary citizens economically independent of the palace.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Хеттское царство</kwd><kwd>Машат-Хёюк</kwd><kwd>Тапикка</kwd><kwd>хеттская клинопись</kwd><kwd>гетерограммы</kwd><kwd>хеттская лексикография</kwd><kwd>социальная терминология</kwd><kwd>LÚ(.MEŠ) MAŠ.EN.KAK</kwd><kwd>мушкенумы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hittite kingdom</kwd><kwd>Maşat-Höyük</kwd><kwd>Tapikka</kwd><kwd>Hittite cuneiform</kwd><kwd>logograms</kwd><kwd>Hittite lexicography</kwd><kwd>social terminology</kwd><kwd>LÚ(.MEŠ) MAŠ.EN.KAK</kwd><kwd>muškēnums</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект № 20-09-00386А «Ранг и статус в социальных и правовых системах древних обществ»)</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The article was written with financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 20-09-00386А “Rank and status in the social and legal systems of ancient societies”)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров 2012 — Александров Б. 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