<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">steps</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Шаги/Steps</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Shagi / Steps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-9410</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2412-9410-2024-10-2-14-33</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">steps-60</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДРЕВНИЙ ВОСТОК</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANCIENT EAST</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ценность человеческой жизни в древнеегипетской религии на рубеже III–II тысячелетий до н. э.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The value of a human life in ancient Egyptian religion at the turn of the 3rd –2nd millennia BC</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-8649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидчик</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidchik</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аркадий Евгеньевич Демидчик, доктор исторических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры</p><p>кафедра Древнего Востока; гуманитарный институт; кафедра всеобщей истории</p><p>199034; Университетская наб., д. 7–9; Санкт-Петербург; 630090; ул. Пирогова, д. 1; Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkadiy E. Demidchik, Dr. Sci. (History), Professor, Professor at the Department</p><p>Department of The Ancient East; Institute for The Humanities; Department of World History</p><p>199034; Universitetskaya Emb., 7–9; St. Petersburg; 630090; Pirogova Str., 1; Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.demidchik@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University; Novosibirsk National Research State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Демидчик А.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Демидчик А.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Demidchik A.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/60">https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/60</self-uri><abstract><p>   Автор изучает представления о ценности человеческой жизни, бытовавшие в древнеегипетской религии второй половины Старого царства, Первого переходного периода и Среднего царства. Для эпохи ранней древности характерны политеистические ритуалистические общинные религии, где этика не играла существенной роли, и выявленные в статье древнеегипетские воззрения вполне этому соответствуют. Считалось, что сохранность и благоденствие египетского народа угодны богам как непременное условие обильного снабжения и бесперебойного исполнения культов; выражением таких взглядов стало именование египтян «божьей скотинкой». Однако при этом боги почти не вмешивались в индивидуальные жизни подданных царя, сосредоточив свое благосклонное внимание на персонифицировавшем государство фараоне. Его статус единственного полномочного исполнителя ритуалов богослужения придавал египетской религии ярко выраженный общинный характер и препятствовал складыванию представлений об устойчивых личных связях людей с богами. Нравственное совершенство считалось необходимым для обретения индивидом милости государя, но прижизненное воздаяние от богов за благочестие и добродетели выглядело малопредсказуемым.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The author explores the ancient Egyptian religion’s perspective on value of a human life during the latter part of the Old Kingdom, the First Intermediate Period, and the Middle Kingdom. Polytheistic ritualistic “communal” religions, where ethics did not play a significant role, are typical for the epoch of early antiquity, and the Egyptian views discussed in the article mostly align with this context. It was believed that the gods were concerned about the Egyptian people’s safety and well-being primarily because these were indispensable preconditions for abundant provisions and seamless performance of divine cults. Created ultimately to produce and offer sacrificial gifts to the gods, the Egyptians were kind of their “flock”, “the gods’ (little) livestock”. However, the gods were thought to have little involvement in the individual lives of the king’s subjects: their benevolent attention was focused on the pharaoh, who personified the state. Since the king formally was the sole authorized performer of liturgical rituals, Egyptian religion had a pronounced communal nature that hindered the development of the concept of a man’s enduring personal connection with a deity. Within this framework, moral excellence was deemed essential for an individual to gain favor with the ruler, whereas divine recompence during one’s lifetime for piety and virtue was deemed hardly predictable.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>древнеегипетская религия</kwd><kwd>ритуалистическая религия</kwd><kwd>общинная религия</kwd><kwd>Старое царство</kwd><kwd>Первый переходный период</kwd><kwd>Среднее царство</kwd><kwd>смертная казнь</kwd><kwd>«Поучение царю Мерикара»</kwd><kwd>«Сказка о потерпевшем кораблекрушение»</kwd><kwd>религиозная этика</kwd><kwd>ценность человеческой жизни</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ancient Egyptian religion</kwd><kwd>ritualistic religion</kwd><kwd>communal religion</kwd><kwd>Old Kingdom</kwd><kwd>First Intermediate period</kwd><kwd>Middle Kingdom</kwd><kwd>death penalty</kwd><kwd>the Teaching for Merikare</kwd><kwd>the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor</kwd><kwd>religious ethics</kwd><kwd>value of a human life</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-28-00155 «Культура взаимопомощи в цивилизации Древнего Египта (III — первая половина II тысячелетия до н. э.)», https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-00155</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The research was carried out with the assistance of Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-28-00155, “The Culture of Mutual Assistance in the Ancient Egyptian Civilization (III — first half of the II millennium BC)”, https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-00155</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берлев 1978 — Берлев О. Д. Общественные отношения в Египте эпохи Среднего царства: Социальный слой «царских ḥmww». М.: Гл. ред. вост. лит. изд-ва «Наука», 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assmann, J. (1970). Der König als Sonnenpriester. J. J. Augustin.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берлев 1999 — Берлев О. Д. Наследство Геба // Подати и повинности на Древнем Востоке / Ред. М. А. Дандамаев. СПб.: Петерб. востоковедение, 1999. С. 6–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assmann, J. (1995). Ägypten und die Legitimierung des Tötens: Ideologische Grundlagen politischer Gewalt im Alten Ägypten. In H. von Stietencron, &amp; J. Rüpke (Eds.). Töten im Krieg (pp. 57–85). K. Alber.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидчик 2005 — Демидчик А. Е. Безымянная пирамида: Государственная доктрина древнеегипетской Гераклеопольской монархии. СПб.: Алетейя, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bareš, L. (2011). A new example of the solar text (“kosmographischer Begleittext zur kultischen Sonnenhymnik” from the tomb of Iufaa at Abusir). In G. Callender, L. Bareš, M. Bárta, &amp; J. Krejčí (Eds.). Times, signs and pyramids: Studies in honour of Miroslav Verner on the occasion of his seventieth birthday (pp. 51–60). Faculty of Arts, Charles Univ. in Prague.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидчик 2015 — Демидчик А. Е. Древнеегипетская «Пустыня» — «земля Бога» // Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Сер. История, филология. Т. 14. Вып. 1. 2015. С. 9–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berlev, O. D. (1978). Obshchestvennye otnosheniia v Egipte epokhi Srednego tsarstva: Sotsial’nyi sloi “tsarskikh ḥmww” [Social relations in Egypt during the Middle Kingdom: The social layer of the ‘royal Hmww’]. Glavnaia redaktsiia vostochnoi literatury izdatel’stva “Nauka”. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидчик 2019 — Демидчик А. Е. О каменном строительстве в древнеегипетских храмах при ранней XI династии // Вестник древней истории. Т. 79. № 3. 2019. С. 549–568. doi: 10.31857/S032103910007703-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berlev, O. D. (1999). Nasledstvo Geba [Geb’s heritage]. In M. A. Dandamaev (Ed.). Podati i povinnsoti na Drevnem Vostoke (pp. 6–33). Peterburgskoe vostokovedenie. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидчик 2020 — Демидчик А. Е. Древнеегипетская стела Музея Метрополитен № 12.183.8: историко-культурный комментарий // Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Сер. История, филология. Т. 19. Вып. 1. 2020. С. 9–17. doi: 10.25205/1818-919-2020-19-1-9-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blackman, A. M. (1914). The rock tombs of Meir (Pt. 1). The Egypt Exploration Fund.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перепелкин 1988 — Перепелкин Ю. Я. Хозяйство староегипетских вельмож. М.: Наука; Гл. ред. вост. лит., 1988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blumenthal, E. (1970). Untersuchungen zum ägyptischen Königtum des Mittleren Reiches, Pt. 1: Die Phraseologie. Akademie-Verlag.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шэхаб Эль-Дин 1993 — Шэхаб Эль-Дин Т. М. Автобиография в Древнем Египте в эпоху IV–VIII династий : Дис. … канд. ист. наук / Ин-т востоковедения РАН; Санкт-Петерб. филиал. СПб., 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blumenthal, E. (1998). Sinuhes Persönliche Frömmigkeit. In I. Shirun-Grumach (Ed.). Jerusalem studies in Egyptology (pp. 213–231). Harrasowitz.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якобсон 1997 — Якобсон В. А. Предисловие к первому тому // История Востока. Т. 1: Восток в древности / [Отв. ред. В. А. Якобсон]. М.: Изд. фирма «Вост. лит.» РАН, 1997. С. 14–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolshakov, A. O. (1997). Man and his double in Egyptian ideology of the Old Kingdom. Harrassowitz.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assmann 1970 — Assmann J. Der König als Sonnenpriester. Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunner, H. (1937). Die Texte aus den Gräbern der Herakleopolitenzeit von Siut mit Übersetzung und Erläuterungen. Augustin.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assmann 1995 — Assmann J. Ägypten und die Legitimierung des Tötens: Ideologische Grundlagen politischer Gewalt im Alten Ägypten // Töten im Krieg / Hrsg. von H. von Stietencron, J. Rüpke. Freiburg: K. Alber, 1995. S. 57–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buck, A. de (1935). The Egyptian Coffin Texts (Vol. 1). Univ. of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bareš 2011 — Bareš L. A new example of the solar text (“kosmographischer Begleittext zur kultischen Sonnenhymnik” from the tomb of Iufaa at Abusir) // Times, signs and pyramids: Studies in honour of Miroslav Verner on the occasion of his seventieth birthday / Ed. by G. Callender, L. Bareš, M. Bárta, J. Krejčí. Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles Univ. in Prague, 2011. P. 51–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buck, A. de (1961). The Egyptian Coffin Texts (Vol. 7). Univ. of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blackman 1914 — Blackman A. M. The rock tombs of Meir. Pt. 1. London: The Egypt Exploration Fund, 1914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coyat J., &amp; Montet, P. (1912). Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blumenthal 1970 — Blumenthal E. Untersuchungen zum ägyptischen Königtum des Mittleren Reiches. Teil 1: Die Phraseologie. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidchik, A. E. (2005). Bezymiannaia piramida: Gosudarstvennaia doktrina drevneegipetskoi Gerakleopol’skoi monarkhii [A nameless pyramid: The state doctrine of the ancient Egyptian Heracleopolitan monarchy]. Aleteiia. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blumenthal 1998 — Blumenthal E. Sinuhes Persönliche Frömmigkeit // Jerusalem studies in Egyptology / Ed. by I. Shirun-Grumach. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1998. P. 213–231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidchik, A. E. (2015). Drevneegipetskaia “Pustynia” — “zemlia boga” [On the ancient Egyptian “Desert” as “god’s land”]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Ser. Istoriia, filologiia, 14(1), 9–18. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolshakov 1997 — Bolshakov A. O. Man and his double in Egyptian ideology of the Old Kingdom. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidchik, A. E. (2019). O kamennom stroitel’stve v drevneegipetskikh khramakh pri rannei XI dinastii [Observations on monumental stone construction in ancient Egyptian provincial temples under the early XI Dynasty]. Vestnik drevnei istorii, 79(3), 549–568. doi: 10.31857/S032103910007703-6. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunner 1937 — Brunner H. Die Texte aus den Gräbern der Herakleopolitenzeit von Siut mit Übersetzung und Erläuterungen. Glückstadt: Augustin, 1937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidchik, A. E. (2020). Drevneegipetskaia stela Muzeia Metropoliten № 12.183.8: istoriko-kul’turnyi kommentarii [Observations on Metropolitan Museum Stela No. 12.183.8]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo univversiteta, Ser. Istoriia, filologiia, 19(1), 9–17. doi: 10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-1-9-17. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coyat, Montet 1912 — Couyat J., Montet P. Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. Le Caire: Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1912.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidchik, A. (2022) ‘I gave grain to all of Dendera in its entirety’: Mentions of large-scale food donations in the VIth Upper Egyptian Nome in the First Intermediate Period. Ägypten und Levante = Egypt and the Levant, 32, 47–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Buck 1935 — Buck A. de. The Egyptian Coffin Texts. Vol. 1. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1935.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doxey, D. (1998). Egyptian non-royal epithets in the Middle Kingdom. Brill.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Buck 1961 — Buck A. de. The Egyptian Coffin Texts. Vol. 7. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drioton, É. (1927). Religion et Magie. L’opinion d’un sorcier égyptien. Revue de l’Égypte ancienne, 1, 133–137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demidchik 2022 — Demidchik A. ‘I gave grain to all of Dendera in its entirety’: Mentions of large-scale food donations in the VIth Upper Egyptian Nome in the First Intermediate Period // Ägypten und Levante = Egypt and the Levant. Bd. 32. 2022. S. 47–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fischer, H. G. (1979). Selim Hassan Excavations at Saqqara, 1937–1938. Re-edited by Zaki Iskander. Antiquities Department of Egypt, Cairo, 1975. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 65, 176–182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doxey 1998 — Doxey D. Egyptian non-royal epithets in the Middle Kingdom. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franke, D. (1996). Sesostris I., “König der beiden Länder” und Demiurg in Elephantine. In P. der Manuelian (Ed.). Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson (Vol. 1, pp. 275–295). Boston Museum of Fine Arts.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drioton 1927 — Drioton É. Religion et Magie. L’opinion d’un sorcier égyptien // Revue de l’Égypte ancienne. T. 1. 1927. P. 133–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franke, D. (2008). “Erinnern — Dauern — Denkmäler”. Restauration und Renaissance im Alten Ägypten. Imago Aegypti, 2, 38–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fischer 1979 — Fischer H. G. Selim Hassan Excavations at Saqqara, 1937–1938. Re-edited by Zaki Iskander. Antiquities Department of Egypt, Cairo, 1975: [Review] // Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Vol. 65. 1979. P. 176–182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardiner, A. H., &amp; Peet, E. T. (1952). The inscriptions of Sinai (2nd ed., rev. and augm. by J. Černy). Oxford Univ. Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franke 1996 — Franke D. Sesostris I., “König der beiden Länder” und Demiurg in Elephantine // Studies in honor of William Kelly Simpson / Ed. by P. der Manuelian. Vol. 1. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1996. P. 275–295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golénischeff, W. S. (1913). Les papyrus hiératiques № 115, 1116 A et 1116 B de l’Ermitage impérial à St. Pétersbourg. [Manufacture des Papiers de l’État].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franke 2008 — Franke D. “Erinnern — Dauern — Denkmäler”. Restauration und Renaissance im Alten Ägypten // Imago Aegypti. Bd. 2. 2007. P. 38–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassan, S. (1975). Excavations at Saqqara, 1937–1938 (Vol. 1, Z. Iskander, Re-ed.). Antiquities Department of Egypt.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardiner, Peet 1952 — Gardiner A. H., Peet E. T. The inscriptions of Sinai. 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ed., rev. and augm. by J. Černy. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirsch, E. (2008). Die sakrale Legitimation Sesostris’ I. Harrasowitz.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golénischeff 1913 — Golénischeff W. S. Les papyrus hiératiques № 115, 1116 A et 1116 B de l’Ermitage impérial à St. Pétersbourg. [St. Pétersbourg]: [Manufacture des Papiers de l’État], 1913.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hodjash, S., &amp; Berlev, O. (1982). The Egyptian reliefs and stelae in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow. Avrora.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassan 1975 — Hassan S. Excavations at Saqqara, 1937–1938 / Re-ed. by Z. Iskander. Vol. 1. Cairo: Antiquities Department of Egypt, 1975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iakobson, V. A. (1997). Predislovie k pervomu tomu [Preface to the first volume]. In V. A. Iakobson (Ed.). Istoriia Vostoka, Vol. 1: Vostok v drevnosti (pp. 14–26). Izdatel’skaia firma “Vostochnaia literatura” RAN. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirsch 2008 — Hirsch E. Die sakrale Legitimation Sesostris’ I. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanawati, N. (1987). The rock tombs of El-Hawawish (Vol. 7). The Ancient History Documentary Research Centre; Macquarie Univ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hodjash, Berlev 1982 — Hodjash S., Berlev O. The Egyptian reliefs and stelae in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow. Leningrad: Aurora, 1982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanawati, N. (2005). Deir el-Gebrawi (Vol. 1). Aris and Phillips Ltd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanawati 1987 — Kanawati N. The rock tombs of El-Hawawish. Vol. 7. Sydney: The Ancient History Documentary Research Centre; Macquarie Univ., 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koch, R. (1990). Die Erzählung des Sinuhe. Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanawati 2005 — Kanawati N. Deir el-Gebrawi. Vol. 1. Oxford: Aris and Phillips Ltd., 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lippert, S. (2008). Einführung in die altägyptische Rechtsgeschichte. Lit Verlag.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koch 1990 — Koch R. Die Erzählung des Sinuhe. Buxelles: Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathieu, B. (2021). La littérature de l’Égypte ancienne (Vol. 2). Les Belles Lettres.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lippert 2008 — Lippert S. Einführung in die altägyptische Rechtsgeschichte. Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meeks, D. (2012). La hiérarchie des êtres vivants selon la conception égyptienne. In Et in Aegypto et ad Aegyptam. Recueil d’études dédiées à Jean-Claude Grenier (pp. 523–529). Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathieu 2021 — Mathieu B. La littérature de l’Égypte ancienne. Vol. 2. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morenz, S. (1984). Gott und Mensch im alten Ägypten (2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ed., enl.). Koehler &amp; Amelang.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meeks 2012 — Meeks D. La hiérarchie des êtres vivants selon la conception égyptienne // Et in Aegypto et ad Aegyptam. Recueil d’études dédiées à Jean-Claude Grenier. Montpellier: Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III, 2012. P. 523–529 (CENiM. Vol. 5).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morenz, L. (1998). Versorgung mit Getreide. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 26, 81–117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morenz 1984 — Morenz S. Gott und Mensch im alten Ägypten. 2., erweiterte Auflage. Leipzig: Koehler &amp; Amelang, 1984.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mostafa, M. F. (2014). The mastaba of Šm’j and Nagʽ Kom El-Koffar, Qift (Vol. 1). Ministry of Antiquities and Heritage.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morenz 1998 — Morenz L. Versorgung mit Getreide // Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur. Bd. 26. 1998. P. 81–117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muhlestein, K. (2008). Royal executions: Evidence bearing on the subject of sanctioned Killing in the Middle Kingdom. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 51(2), 181–208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mostafa 2014 — Mostafa M. F. The mastaba of Šm’j and Nagʽ Kom El-Koffar, Qift. Vol. 1. Cairo: Ministry of Antiquities and Heritage, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller, D. (1961). Der gute Hirte. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 86, 126–144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muhlestein 2008 — Muhlestein K. Royal executions: Evidence bearing on the subject of sanctioned killing in the Middle Kingdom // Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. Vol. 51. No. 2. 2008. P. 181–208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller-Wollermann, R. (2004). Vergehen und Strafen: zur Sanktionierung abweichenden Verhaltens im alten Ägypten. Brill.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller 1961 — Müller D. Der gute Hirte // Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. Bd. 86. 1961. S. 126–144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osing, J., &amp; Rosati J. (1998). Papiri geroglifici e ieratici da Tebtynis. Instituto papirologico “G. Vitelli”.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller-Wollermann 2004 — Müller-Wollermann R. Vergehen und Strafen: zur Sanktionierung abweichenden Verhaltens im alten Ägypten. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parkinson, R. B. (1991). The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant. Griffith Institute; Ashmolean Museum.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osing, Rosati 1998 — Osing J., Rosati G. Papiri geroglifici e ieratici da Tebtynis. Firenze: Instituto papirologico “G. Vitelli”, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perepelkin, Iu. Ia. (1988). Khoziaistvo staroegipetskikh vel’mozh [The Old Kingdom magnates’ estates]. Nauka; Glavnoe izdatel’stvo vostochnoi literatury. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parkinson 1991 — Parkinson R. B. The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant. Oxford: Griffith Institute; Ashmolean Museum, 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pillon, A. (2017). Prière, causalité divine et éthique. Remarques liminaires à l’étude de la piété des particuliers au IIIe millénaire. In L’individu dans la religion égyptienne (pp. 137–173). Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pillon 2017 — Pillon A. Prière, causalité divine et éthique. Remarques liminaires à l’étude de la piété des particuliers au IIIe millénaire // L’individu dans la religion égyptienne. Montpellier : Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, 2017. P. 137–173. (CENiM. Vol. 16).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plas, D. van der (1986). L’hymne à la crue du Nil. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabie Oosten.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plas 1986 — Plas D. van der. L’hymne à la crue du Nil. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabie Oosten, 1986.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posener, G. (2013). Tablettes-figurines de prisonniers. Revue d’Égyptologie, 64, 135–175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posener 2013 — Posener G. Tablettes-figurines de prisonniers // Revue d’Égyptologie. Vol. 64. 2013. P. 135–175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quack, J. F. (1992). Studien zur Lehre für Merikare. Otto Harassowitz.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quack 1992 — Quack J. F. Studien zur Lehre für Merikare. Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quack, J. F. (2008). Corpus oder membra disiecta? Zur Sprach- und Redaktionskritik des Papyrus Jumilhac. In W. Waitkus (Ed.). Diener des Horus: Festschrift für Dieter Kurth zum 65. Geburtstag (pp. 203–228). PeWe-Verlag.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quack 2008 — Quack J. F. Corpus oder membra disiecta? Zur Sprach- und Redaktionskritik des Papyrus Jumilhac // Diener des Horus: Festschrift für Dieter Kurth zum 65. Geburtstag / Hrsg. von W. Waitkus. Hamburg: PeWe-Verlag, 2008. S. 203–228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quirke, S. (2001). Judgment of the dead. In D. B. Redford (Ed.). Oxford encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Vol. 2, pp. 211–214). Oxford Univ. Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quirke 2001 — Quirke S. Judgment of the dead // Oxford encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt / Ed. by D. B. Redford. Vol. 2. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. P. 211–214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ritner, R. K. (1992). Religion vs. magic: The evidence of the magical statue bases. In E. Luft (Ed.). The intellectual heritage of Egypt: Studies presented to Lásló Kákosy by friends and colleagues on the occasion of his 60&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; birthday (495–501). Innove Press Ltd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ritner 1992 — Ritner R. K. Religion vs. magic: The Evidence of the magical statue bases // The intellectual heritage of Egypt: Studies presented to Lásló Kákosy by friends and colleagues on the occasion of his 60&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; birthday / Ed. by E. Luft. Budapest: Innove Press Ltd., 1992. P. 495–501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sethe, K. (1932–1933). Urkunden des Alten Reiches (2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ed., rev.). Hinrichs’.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sethe 1932–1933 — Sethe K. Urkunden des Alten Reiches. 2. verbesserte Auflage. Leipzig: Hinrichs’, 1932–1933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sethe, K., &amp; Helck, W. (1984). Urkunden der 18. Dynastie (Reprint). Akademie-Verlag.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sethe, Helck 1984 — Sethe K., Helck W. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Unveränderter Neudruck. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shekhab El’-Din, T. M. (1993). Avtobiografiia v Drevnem Egipte v epokhu IV–VIII dinastii [Autobiography in Ancient Egypt in the epoch of the IV–VIII Dynasties] (Cand. Sci. (History) Dissertation, St. Petersburg Branch of the Oriental Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandier 1950 — Vandier J. Moʽalla. La tombe d’Ankhtifi et la tombe de Sébekhotep. Le Caire: Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1950.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandier, J. (1950). Moʽalla. La tombe d’Ankhtifi et la tombe de Sébekhotep. Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandier 1961 — Vandier J. Le papyrus Jumilhac. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandier, J. (1961). Le papyrus Jumilhac. Centre national de la recherche scientifique.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vernus 1978 — Vernus P. Athribis. Textes et documents relatifs à la géographie, aux cultes et à l’histoire d’une ville du Delta égyptien à l’époque pharaonique. Le Caire: Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernus, P. (1978). Athribis. Textes et documents relatifs à la géographie, aux cultes et à l’histoire d’une ville du Delta égyptien à l’époque pharaonique. Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Žába 1956 — Ža´ ba Z. Les maximes de Ptaḥḥotep. Prague: Éditions de l’Académie Tchécoslovaque des Sciences, 1956.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Žába, Z. (1956). Les maximes de Ptaḥḥotep. Éditions de l’Académie Tchécoslovaque des Sciences.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zandee 1992 — Zandee J. Der Amunhymnus des Papyrus Leiden I 344, Verso. Leiden: Rijksmuseum van oudheden, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zandee, J. (1992). Der Amunhymnus des Papyrus Leiden I 344, Verso. Rijksmuseum van oudheden.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
