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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">steps</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Шаги/Steps</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Shagi / Steps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-9410</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2412-9410-2023-9-2-33-56</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">steps-40</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГОРОДА АНТИЧНОЙ И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ ЕВРОПЫ: МОДЕЛИ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CITIES OF ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL EUROPE: MODELS OF THEIR APPEARANCE AND DEVELOPMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Древнерусские города Восточно-Европейской равнины X в. по данным письменных источников (к обновлению перспективы исследований)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Old Russian Cities of the East European Plain in the 10th century according to written sources (updating the perspective for research)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0997-8235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щавелев</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchavelev</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Сергеевич Щавелев - доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, Отдел истории Византии и Восточной Европы</p><p>119334, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, д. 32а</p><p>Тел.: +7 (495) 938-19-11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei S. Shchavelev - Dr. Sci. (History) Leading Researcher, Department of History of Byzantium and Eastern Europe</p><p>119334, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, 32a</p><p>Tel.: +7 (495) 938-19-11</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexissorel@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт всеобщей истории РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щавелев А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щавелев А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchavelev A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/40">https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/40</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье дан аналитический обзор известий, содержащих ойконимы, связанные с народом русь X в., в арабской, византийской, древнерусской и древнескандинавской письменных традициях. Критическая оценка отождествления ойконимов из разновременных известий разноязыковых традиций требует отказа от историографической инерции восприятия истории городов X в. сквозь призму нарратива «Повести временных лет» начала XII в. Если не прибегать к искусственной этимологической подгонке ойконимов разных традиций, то из 25 древнерусских летописных названий городов два или три отразились в двух договорах 911 и 930-х — первой половины 940-х годов, одно — в арабском тексте 920–950-х годов, четыре или пять — в греческом тексте 950-х годов, четыре — в более ранних скандинавских текстах и пять — в более поздних. Как минимум 10 ойконимов из арабской, греческой и скандинавской письменных традиций древнерусскому раннему летописанию неизвестны. Сопоставление списков ойконимов разных традиций позволяет предполагать, что они отразили три фазы процесса урбанизации Восточной Европы: 1) появление скандинавских эмпориев IX — первой половины X в.; 2) кристаллизация ядра политии Рюриковичей вокруг Киева первой половины X в.; 3) финал экспансии Рюриковичей конца X — середины XI в. Именно на последнем этапе сложилась та «карта» городов Руси, которую рисует «Повесть временных лет» начала XII в., поэтому проецировать ее на более ранние периоды было бы методологически неоправданно.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides an analytical review of references that contain oeconyms related to the people named Rus’ in the 10th century in Arabic, Byzantine, Old Russian and Old Scandinavian written traditions. Critical assessment of the identiﬁcation of oeconyms from these texts in different languages and from different times requires us to reject the historiographical inertia of perceiving urban history of the 10th century through the prism of the narrative of “The Primary Chronicle” from the beginning of the 12th century. If we don’t resort to the artiﬁcial etymological ﬁtting of oikonyms from different traditions, then out of 25 Old Russian annalistic names of cities 2 or 3 names are reﬂected in two treaties from 911 and the 930s — ﬁrst half of 940s, 1 name is reﬂected in an Arabic text from the 920–950s, 4 or 5 — in a Greek text from the 950s, 4 — in earlier Scandinavian texts, and 5 — in later texts. At least 10 oikonyms from the Arabic, Greek and Scandinavian writing traditions are not known to the earliest Russian Chronicles. A comparison of lists of oikonyms from different traditions allows us to suggest that they reﬂected three phases of the process of urbanization of Eastern Europe: the ﬁrst — the appearance of Scandinavian emporia in the 9th — ﬁrst half of the 10th century; the second — crystallization of the core of the Rurikid polity around Kyiv in the ﬁrst half of the 10th century; the third — the ﬁnal expansion of the Rurikids at the end of the 10th — middle of the 11th century. It was during the last stage when a “map” of Rus’ cities was formed that is reﬂected in “The Primary Chronicle” from the beginning of the 12th century, therefore it would be unjustiﬁed methodologically to project this late “map” onto earlier periods.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>центры урбанизации</kwd><kwd>города</kwd><kwd>Средневековая Восточно-Европейская равнина</kwd><kwd>X век</kwd><kwd>Русь</kwd><kwd>полития Рюриковичей</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urban-centers</kwd><kwd>cities</kwd><kwd>medieval East European Plain</kwd><kwd>the 10th century</kwd><kwd>Rus’</kwd><kwd>Rurikid polity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено по государственному заданию Института всеобщей истории РАН.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out on behalf of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильев 2012 — Васильев В. 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