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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">steps</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Шаги/Steps</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Shagi / Steps</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2412-9410</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2412-9410-2023-9-4-286-314</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">steps-224</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Исторической родиной сыт по горло»: реэмиграция из Израиля и создание образа «сионистского ада»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>“Fed up with the historical homeland”: Re-emigrating from Israel and creating the image of the “Zionist hell”</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9411-4102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зеленина</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zelenina</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галина Светлояровна Зеленина, кандидат исторических наук, доцент, кафедра иудаики, Институт стран Азии и Африки; старший научный сотрудник, Лаборатория историко-культурныхисследований, Школа актуальных гуманитарных исследований, Институт общественных наук</p><p>125009, Москва, ул. Моховая, д. 11, стр. 1</p><p>119571, Москва,пр-т Вернадского, д. 82</p><p>Тел.: +7 (495) 629-42-84</p><p>Тел.: +7 (499) 956-99-99</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina S. Zelenina, Cand. Sci. (History), Associate Professor, Department of Jewish Studies, Institute of Asian and African Studies; Senior Researcher, Center for Cultural Studies, School for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, Institute for Social Sciences</p><p>125009, Moscow, Mokhovaya Str., 11, Bld. 1</p><p>119571, Moscow, Prospekt Vernadskogo, 82</p><p>Tel.: +7 (495) 629-42-84</p><p>Tel.: +7 (499) 956-99-99</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galinazelenina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова; Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University; The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>286</fpage><lpage>314</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зеленина Г.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зеленина Г.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zelenina G.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/224">https://steps.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/224</self-uri><abstract><p>В секретной аналитике израильских ведомств конца 1970-х годов сквозит тревога в связи с ростом неширы — эмиграции выехавших по израильской визе советских евреев в страны Запада. Нешира шла об руку с другим тревожным феноменом — йеридой, отъездом новорепатриировавшихся советских евреев из Израиля в Европу или Америку или возвращением их в Советский Союз. О последнем явлении с совсем иной интонацией твердила советская пресса; сведения о «реэмигрантах» содержатся и в советской секретной межведомственной переписке. В статье анализируются негативные впечатления новых иммигрантов от Израиля — как тиражируемые в антисионистских публикациях в советской печати, так и изложенные в эго-документах, причем вторые верифицируют содержание первых, и обсуждается то, как оценка иммиграционного опыта связана с системой ценностей этих недавних советских граждан, проводимой ими социальной стратификацией и представлениями о человеческом достоинстве.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Israeli secret analytical reports from the late 1970s expressed anxiety over the growth of neshira — “dropping out” of Jews who left the Soviet Union on Israeli visas but chose to reside in other Western countries. Neshira went hand in hand with another disturbing phenomenon — yerida, the departure of new Soviet immigrants from Israel to Europe or America, or their return to the Soviet Union. The Soviet press kept reporting about “re-emigrants” with a completely different intonation, as did KGB reports. The article examines negative impressions of Israel as transmitted, perhaps in an aggravated form, by Soviet journalists, and as presented in the ego-documents of new immigrants, future re-emigrants included. The stories of the absorption experience related in the egodocuments and therefore deemed trustworthy confirm the relative authenticity of newspaper reports and reveal that the main reason for disappointment were not financial, climatic or other difficulties, but the attitude of the Israeli bureaucracy and fellow citizens perceived as deliberate humiliation of human dignity. When relating their Israeli experience, former Soviet Jews demonstrated their commitment to familiar values, including a preference for the spiritual over the material (e. g., human dignity over prosperity), and social stratification habits, such as differentiation between educated cultural Jews from the big cities and provincial, or shtetl, Jews.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>еврейское национальное движение в СССР</kwd><kwd>эмиграция</kwd><kwd>Израиль</kwd><kwd>КГБ</kwd><kwd>эго-документы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Jewish national movement in the USSR</kwd><kwd>Jewish emigration</kwd><kwd>Israel</kwd><kwd>KGB</kwd><kwd>ego-documents</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бейзер 2016 — Бейзер М. Еврейское национальное движение в СССР 1960–1980-х гг.: причины, истоки и сущность // История еврейского народа в России. 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